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Horizontally autoscale workloads using Prometheus and Prometheus adapter

Kong Gateway Operator can be integrated with Prometheus and prometheus-adapter in order to use Kong Gateway latency metrics to autoscale workloads based on their metrics.

Install Prometheus

Note: You can reuse your current Prometheus setup and skip this step but please be aware that it needs to be able to scrape Kong Gateway Operator’s metrics (e.g. through ServiceMonitor) and note down the namespace in which it’s deployed.

Add the prometheus-community helm charts:

helm repo add prometheus-community https://prometheus-community.github.io/helm-charts
helm repo update

Install Prometheus via kube-prometheus-stack helm chart:

helm upgrade --install --create-namespace -n prometheus prometheus prometheus-community/kube-prometheus-stack

Create a ServiceMonitor to scrape Kong Gateway Operator

To make Prometheus scrape Kong Gateway Operator’s /metrics endpoint, we’ll need to create a ServiceMonitor:

echo '
apiVersion: monitoring.coreos.com/v1
kind: ServiceMonitor
metadata:
  labels:
    release: prometheus
  name: gateway-operator
  namespace: kong-system
spec:
  endpoints:
  - port: https
    scheme: https
    path: /metrics
    bearerTokenFile: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token
    tlsConfig:
      insecureSkipVerify: true
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      control-plane: controller-manager ' | kubectl apply -f -

After applying the above manifest you can check one of the metrics exposed by Kong Gateway Operator to verify that the scrape config has been applied.

To access the Prometheus UI, create a port-forward and visit http://localhost:9090

kubectl port-forward service/prometheus-kube-prometheus-prometheus 9090:9090 -n prometheus

This can be verified by going to your Prometheus UI and querying e.g.:

up{service=~"kgo-gateway-operator-metrics-service"}

Prometheus metrics can take up to 2 minutes to appear

Install prometheus-adapter

The prometheus-adapter package makes Prometheus metrics usable in Kubernetes.

To deploy prometheus-adapter you’ll need to decide what time series to expose so that Kubernetes can consume it.

Note: Kong Gateway Operator enriches specific metrics for use with prometheus-adapter. See the overview for a complete list.

Create a values.yaml file to deploy the prometheus-adapter helm chart. This configuration calculates a kong_upstream_latency_ms_60s_average metric, which exposes a 60s moving average of upstream response latency:

prometheus:
  # Update this value if Prometheus is installed in a different namespace
  url: http://prometheus-kube-prometheus-prometheus.prometheus.svc

rules:
  default: false
  custom:
  - seriesQuery: '{__name__=~"^kong_upstream_latency_ms_(sum|count)",kubernetes_namespace!="",kubernetes_name!="",kubernetes_kind!=""}'
    resources:
      overrides:
        exported_namespace:
          resource: "namespace"
        exported_service:
          resource: "service"
    name:
      as: "kong_upstream_latency_ms_60s_average"
    metricsQuery: |
      sum by (exported_service) (rate(kong_upstream_latency_ms_sum{<<.LabelMatchers>>}[60s:10s]))
        /
      sum by (exported_service) (rate(kong_upstream_latency_ms_count{<<.LabelMatchers>>}[60s:10s]))

Install prometheus-adapter using Helm:

helm upgrade --install --create-namespace -n prometheus --values values.yaml prometheus-adapter prometheus-community/prometheus-adapter

Send traffic

To trigger autoscaling, run the following command in a new terminal window. This will cause the underlying deployment to sleep for 100ms on each request and thus increase the average response time to that value.

while curl -k "http://$(kubectl get gateway kong -o custom-columns='name:.status.addresses[0].value' --no-headers -n default)/echo/shell?cmd=sleep%200.1" ; do sleep 1; done

Keep this running while we move on to next steps.

Verify metrics are exposed in Kubernetes

When all is configured you should be able to see the metric you’ve configured in prometheus-adapter exposed via the Kubernetes Custom Metrics API:

kubectl get --raw '/apis/custom.metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/namespaces/default/services/echo/kong_upstream_latency_ms_60s_average' | jq

Note: The prometheus-adapter may take up to 2 minutes to populate the custom metrics

This should result in:

{
  "kind": "MetricValueList",
  "apiVersion": "custom.metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1",
  "metadata": {},
  "items": [
    {
      "describedObject": {
        "kind": "Service",
        "namespace": "default",
        "name": "echo",
        "apiVersion": "/v1"
      },
      "metricName": "kong_upstream_latency_ms_60s_average",
      "timestamp": "2024-03-06T13:11:12Z",
      "value": "102312m",
      "selector": null
    }
  ]
}

Note: 102312m is a Kubernetes way of expressing numbers as integers. value represents the latency in microseconds, and is approximately equivalent to 102 milliseconds (ms).

Use exposed metric in HorizontalPodAutoscaler

When the metric configured in prometheus-adapter is available through Kubernetes’ Custom Metrics API we can use it in HorizontalPodAutoscaler to autoscale our workload: specifically the echo Deployment.

This can be done by using the following manifest, which will scale the underlying echo Deployment between 1 and 10 replicas, trying to keep the average latency across last 60s at 40ms.

echo '
apiVersion: autoscaling/v2
kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler
metadata:
  name: echo
  namespace: default
spec:
  scaleTargetRef:
    apiVersion: apps/v1
    kind: Deployment
    name: echo
  minReplicas: 1
  maxReplicas: 10
  behavior:
    scaleDown:
      stabilizationWindowSeconds: 1
      policies:
      - type: Percent
        value: 100
        periodSeconds: 10
    scaleUp:
      stabilizationWindowSeconds: 1
      policies:
      - type: Percent
        value: 100
        periodSeconds: 2
      - type: Pods
        value: 4
        periodSeconds: 2
      selectPolicy: Max
  metrics:
  - type: Object
    object:
      metric:
        name: "kong_upstream_latency_ms_60s_average"
      describedObject:
        apiVersion: v1
        kind: Service
        name: echo
      target:
        type: Value
        value: "40" ' | kubectl apply -f -

Observe Kubernetes `SuccessfulRescale` events

You can watch SuccessfulRescale events using the following kubectl command:

kubectl get events -n default --field-selector involvedObject.name=echo --field-selector involvedObject.kind=HorizontalPodAutoscaler -w

If everything went well we should see the SuccessfulRescale events:

12m          Normal   SuccessfulRescale   horizontalpodautoscaler/echo   New size: 2; reason: Service metric kong_upstream_latency_ms_60s_average above target
12m          Normal   SuccessfulRescale   horizontalpodautoscaler/echo   New size: 4; reason: Service metric kong_upstream_latency_ms_60s_average above target
12m          Normal   SuccessfulRescale   horizontalpodautoscaler/echo   New size: 8; reason: Service metric kong_upstream_latency_ms_60s_average above target
12m          Normal   SuccessfulRescale   horizontalpodautoscaler/echo   New size: 10; reason: Service metric kong_upstream_latency_ms_60s_average above target

Then when latency drops (when you stop sending traffic with the curl command) you should observe the SuccessfulRescale events scaling your workloads down:

4s          Normal   SuccessfulRescale   horizontalpodautoscaler/echo   New size: 1; reason: All metrics below target