About FIPS 140-2 Compliance in Kong Gateway

The Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 140-2 is a federal standard defined by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. It specifies the security requirements that must be satisfied by a cryptographic module. The FIPS Kong Gateway package is FIPS 140-2 compliant. Compliance means that Kong Gateway only uses FIPS 140-2 approved algorithms while running in FIPS mode, but the product has not been submitted to a NIST testing lab for validation.

Kong Gateway Enterprise provides a FIPS 140-2 compliant package for Ubuntu 20.04 , Ubuntu 22.04 , Red Hat Enterprise 9 , and Red Hat Enterprise 8 . This package provides compliance for the core Kong Gateway product and all out of the box plugins .

The package uses the OpenSSL FIPS 3.0 module OpenSSL to provide FIPS 140-2 validated cryptographic operations.

Note: FIPS is not supported when running Kong Gateway Enterprise in free mode.

FIPS implementation

Password hashing

The following table describes how Kong Gateway uses key derivation functions:

Component	Normal mode	FIPS mode	Notes
core/rbac	bcrypt	PBKDF2 ¹	Compliant via OpenSSL 3.0 FIPS provider
plugins/oauth2 ²	Argon2 or bcrypt (when `hash_secret=true`)	Disabled (`hash_secret` can’t be set to `true`)	Compliant via OpenSSL 3.0 FIPS provider
plugins/key-auth-enc ³	SHA1	SHA256	SHA1 is read-only in FIPS mode.

[1]: As of Kong Gateway FIPS 3.0, RBAC uses PBKDF2 as password hashing algorithm.

[2]: As of Kong Gateway FIPS 3.1, the oauth2 plugin disables hash_secret feature, so the user can’t turn it on. This means password will be stored plaintext in the database; however, users can choose to use secrets management or db encryption instead.

[3]: As of Kong Gateway FIPS 3.1, key-auth-enc uses SHA1 to speed up lookup of a key in DB. As of Kong Gateway FIPS 3.2, SHA1 support is “read-only”, meaning existing credentials in DB are still validated, but any new credentials will be hashed in SHA256.

Important: If you are migrating from Kong Gateway 3.1 to 3.2 in FIPS mode and are using the key-auth-enc plugin, you should send PATCH or POST requests to all existing key-auth-enc credentials to re-hash them in SHA256.

Non-cryptographic usage of cryptographic algorithms

FIPS only defines the approved algorithms to use for each specific purpose, so FIPS policy doesn’t explicitly restrict the usage of cryptographic algorithms to only cases where they are necessary.

For example, using SHA256 as the message digest algorithm is approved while using MD5 is not. But that doesn’t mean MD5 can’t exist in the application at all. For example, the FIPS 140-2 approved BoringSSL version allows MD5 when it’s used with the TLS protocol version 1.0 and 1.1.

The following table explains where cryptographic algorithms are used for non-cryptographic purposes in Kong Gateway:

Component	Normal mode	FIPS mode	Notes
core/balancer	xxhash32	xxhash32	Use to generate a unique identifier.
core/balancer	crc32	crc32	crc32 isn’t message digest.
core/uuid	Lua random number generator	Lua random number generator	The RNG isn’t used for cryptographic purposes.
core/declarative_config/uuid	UUIDv5 (namespaced SHA1)	UUIDv5 (namespaced SHA1)	Used to generate a unique identifier.
core/declarative_config/config_hash and core/hybrid/hashes	MD5	MD5	Used to generate a unique identifier.
core/kong_request_id	rand(3)	rand(3)	The RNG isn’t used for cryptographic purposes.

SSL client

FIPS 140-2 only mentioned SSL server, which is already supported in Kong Gateway FIPS 3.0. FIPS specification isn’t designated for SSL clients, so there isn’t specific handling of these in Kong Gateway.

This includes:

Using Lua to talk in HTTPS and PostgreSQL SSL
Using an upstream that proxies in HTTPS